புலமைச் சொத்து சட்டம் (Intellectual Property Law)

“cyfpd; Vida mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfNshL xg;gpLk; NghJ ,yq;ifahdJ kpff;Fiwtsthd Mf;fG+u;t/tpQ;Qhd ntspaPLfisf;nfhz;l mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehlhFk;. Mf;fq;fSf;F Gyikr;nrhj;J Nghd;w rl;l mq;fPfhuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G toq;FjyhdJ mgptpUj;jp Fd;wpa> mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfSf;F kw;Wk; nghJtpy; kdpj Fyj;jpw;Nf cjTtjpy;iy. ,j;jifa epiyapy; gy;NtW Gyikr;nrhj;J cupikfis KOikahd rl;l gug;ngy;iyia epWtp eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ghJfhj;jYk; tpUj;jp nra;jYk; NghJkhd epahag;gLj;jy;fis nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy” vd;w $w;iw Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lj;jpd; jhu;g;gupaj;ij mbg;gilahf itj;J Muha;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhf mikfpwJ.

Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lkhdJ cs my;yJ Mf;fG+u;t Copaj;jpd; (Mental Labour) cUthf;fk;> gad;ghL kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtj;ij newpg;gLj;jp MSk; rl;lk; vdyhk;. ,jpy; Mf;fTupik (Patent) ifj;njhopy; tbtikg;Gfs; (Industrial Design),  tu;j;jf FwpaPLfs; (Trade mark)> gjpg;Gupik (copy right)> ntspg;gLj;jg;glhj jfty;fs; (Undisclosed information) vd;gd nghJtpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. ,r;rl;lj;jpw;fhd mbg;gil Njitg;ghLfshf nghJtpy; GjpaJ Gidjy; (novelty)> fz;Lgpbg;G gbKiw (inventive step), mryhd jd;ik (originality), jdpj;Jtj;jd;ik Nghd;wd fhzg;gLfpd;wd vdyhk;.

Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lj;jpd; epahag;gLj;jy;fspd; Muha;T

xU jug;gpdu; jw;NghjpUf;Fk; rl;lq;fs; Gyikr;nrhj;Jf;fis ghJfhf;f NghJkhdit my;y vd Mu;g;gupj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;f cjhuzkhf gjpg;Gupik kw;Wk; fhg;Gupik vd;gd ntspg;gilahf gy;Y}lf Mf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; nkd;nghUl;fSf;Fk; tpupTgLj;jg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;if tYj;J tUjiy Fwpg;gplyhk;. kWGwj;jpy; tYthd Gyikr;nrhj;J ghJfhg;gpw;F vjpu;g;G njuptpg;Nghuhd mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfspd; gpujpepjpfs;> Efu;Nthh;> Gyikr;nrhj;Jf;fis gad;gLj;JNthh;> kuGuPjpahd jhuhs nghUspay; nfhs;ifahsu;fs;> gpd;etPdj;Jt nfhs;ifahsu;fs;> #oypashsu;fs; my;yJ kjk; rhu; FOf;fs; vd ePz;l gl;baypy; cs;slq;FNthu; njhifAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Gyikr;nrhj;Jf;fhd epahag;gLj;jy;fs; ,Utpjkhf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xOf;ftpay;> ed;ndwp rhu; tplaq;fs; KjyhtjhFk;. mLj;jJ Gyikr;nrhj;Jupik tpUk;gj;jF nraw;ghLfis Cf;Ftpg;gjha; mikAk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;ghf Mf;fTupik Gjpa Ma;TfSf;Fk; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;Fk; tpj;jpLtJk; tu;jjf FwpaPLfs; cau; ju cw;gj;jp nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;;a tu;j;jfu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gJk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ. ,jw;fhd epahag;gLj;jy;fis EZf;fkhf Nehf;fpd;

gjpg;Gupikf;fhd epahag;gLj;jy;fs;

gjpg;Gupik vd;gJ “xU egu; jdJ Gyikj;Jt jpwikfisAk; kw;Wk; vz;zq;fspd; ntspg;ghl;bidAk; Mf;FjpwidAk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; mjpypUe;J epjp %ykhd ed;ikia gpwu; miltjid jLf;fTk; cs;s kPwg;gl Kbahj nrhj;J njhlu;ghd cupik” vdyhk;. ,J ntspaplg;gl;l vOj;jhf;fq;fis mjpfhukpd;wp ntspapLtij jLf;Fk; KiwahFk;.

Kjyhtjhf ,aw;ifr;rl;lj;jpd; gb jdpegu; xUtupd; cs Copak; mtuJ MjdkhfNt fUjg;glNtz;Lk;. ,jd; gb Fwpj;j Mf;fk; me;j jdpegupd; jdpj;j ,ay;ig gpujpgypf;Fk; vd;w fUJNfhshy; ,aw;ifr;rl;lk; mij ghJfhf;f Ntz;LfpwJ. mNjNeuk; ,aw;ifr;rl;lj;jpd; ,d;ndhU fUj;jhf miktJ (N[hd; nyhf;fpd; fUj;jpd; gb) egu;fs; mtu;fsJ Copaj;jpdhyhd cw;gj;jp kPJ ,aw;if cupikfis nfhz;bUg;gu; vDk; uPjpapy; cs Copaj;jpd; ntspg;ghLfSf;Fk; ,J gpuNahfKilajhFk; vd $wg;gLfpwJ.

Mf;FdUf;F Mf;fG+u;t Ntiyapy; <Lgl;L nghJkf;fSf;nfd ntspapl;likf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; ntFkjpNa ,j;jifa ghJfhg;G vd thjplg;gLtJKz;L. ,t;ntFkjpapd; rl;l ntspg;gLj;JifNa gjpg;Gupikr;rl;lkhFk; vd;gNj mLj;j epahag;gLj;jyhFk;. NkYk; ,j;jifa ghJfhg;G ,Ug;gpNd r%fj;jpd; VidNahiuAk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk;; fhuzpahFk; vd;gJ ,d;DnkhU epahag;gLj;jyhFk;. ,jdhy; gy ntspaPLfSk; Mf;fq;fSk; r%fj;jpw;F fpilf;Fk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Mf;fTupikf;fhd epahag;gLj;jy;fs;

ifj;njhopy; gpuNahfKilajhd Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;nghd;iw my;yJ vz;zf;fUit Mf;fpa egUf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;F gpuj;jpNaf cupik toq;Fjiy Mf;fTupik vdyhk;. nghJkf;fs; gjpyPlhf ed;ikfis ngWtjpdhy; Mf;fTupik toq;fg;gLjypyhd tpisTfis  rfpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W epahak; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

KjyhtJ rhjfkhd fhuzpahf Mf;fTupik jdpegu;fspd; my;yJ epWtdq;fspd; jfty;fis ,ufrpakha; kiwe;J Nghfhky; eilKiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Vw;wtpjj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;Jtij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ vd;gij nfhs;syhk;. mLj;jjhf Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;Fk; Gidjy;fSf;Fk; Mf;fTupik toq;Fjy; Cf;Ftpg;Gf; fhuzpahf

அமையும். Lord Oliver Asahi tof;fpy; “Underlying purpose of the patent system is the encouragement of improvements and innovation. In return for making known his improvement to the public the inventor receives the benefit of a period of monopoly during which he becomes entitled to prevent other from performing his invention except by his license” vd;w $w;W Mf;fTupikapd; Nehf;fj;ij njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.

tpahghu FwpaPLfSf;;Fupa epahag;gLj;jy;fs;

tpahghu FwpaPL vd;gJ xU njhopy; Kaw;rpapy; gz;lq;fis NtW njhopy; Kaw;rpapypUe;J gpupj;jwpa cjTk; VNjDk; irif vdyhk;. xU FwpaPl;bw;F Gjpa mu;j;jj;ij nfhLj;jy; ,q;F epfo;fpwJ. ,jd; rhjfkhd tplaq;fshf Efu;Nthu; xNu khjpupahd gz;lq;fis xd;wpypUe;J xd;iw NtWgLj;jp ghu;f;f cjTjy;> juj;ij Nkk;gLj;j cjTjy;> cyfshtpa tu;j;jfj;jpy; nghJthd rPu;jd;ikiaAk; epahakhd tu;j;jf Nghl;bapidAk; cUthf;Fjy;> nghUl;fspd; tpsk;guk;> tpw;gidf;F ,yFthd cj;jpia toq;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;. gpujhd ed;ndwp rhu; fhuzkhf miktJ tpijf;fhj xUtu; Fwpj;j mWtilia ngwf;$lhJ vd;gjhFk;. mjhtJ Kiwaw;w nry;tr; Nru;f;if kw;Wk; rl;l Kuzhd Nghl;b vd;gtw;wpw;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;ig mspf;fpwJ.

,j;jifa epahag;gLj;jy; midj;Jk; Nru;e;jjhfNt Vida Gjpjhf cs;thq;fg;gLk; Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;l gpupTfSf;Fk; mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wd. ,t;tidj;J epahag;gLj;jy;fSf;Fk; nghJthd tpku;rdkhf mikgtw;iw Nehf;fpd; Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW gpupTfSf;Fs; gy Kf;fpakhd tpj;jpahrq;fs; ,Ug;gpDk; nghJtpy; ,it midj;Jk; nfhz;Ls;s mk;rk; vz;zq;fs;> fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fs; Nghd;w njhl;Lzu Kbahjit kPjhd nrhj;J ghJfhg;ig mspg;gjhFk;.

fhzp Nghd;w njhl;Lzuf;$ba tsq;fSf;F jdpahu; Mjd cupikfs; toq;FjYf;fhd epahag;gLj;jyhf fhzg;gLtJ Fwpj;j tsq;fs; mUfpr; nry;yf;$baJ my;yJ vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;lit  vd;gJTk; mtw;iw gfpu;jy; fbdk; vd;gjhyhFk;. ,jNdhL xg;gpLifapy; vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fs; mUfpr; nry;yhJ vd;gJld; %y cupj;jhsupd; gad;gLj;jYf;fhd cupikia ghjpf;fhj tz;zNk VidNahu; ,tw;iw gad;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. MapDk; Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lkhdJ nraw;ifahd gw;whf;Fiwia my;yJ mUfpa jd;ikia cUthf;FfpwJ vd;W tpku;rpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Mf vj;jifa tpku;rdq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gbDk; jdpegu; mf;fiw kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fs; mf;fiw vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd rkg;gLj;jYf;Fk; NkYk; Kd;djhfNt $wg;gl;l epahag;gLj;jy;fs; fhuzkhfTk; Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lk;  mtrpak; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lj;jpd mtrpak; kWf;fg;gl Kbahj xd;whfp tpl;l epiyapy; ,dp mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfSf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfSf;Fk; Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lj;jpd; Njitapd; tpfpjhrhuj;ij mtjhdpj;jy; Ma;tpy; Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nghf;Ftuj;jpdJk; njhlu;ghlypdJk; ghupastpyhd njhopDl;g mgptpUj;jp  tu;j;jfj;jpdJk; tpahghuj;jpdJk; cyfkakhf;fiy tpistpj;Js;sJ. ,J Gyikr; nrhj;Jf;fspYk; ghupa nry;thf;if nrYj;jpAs;sJ vd;gNjhL Gyikr;nrhj;Jf;fs; ru;tNjr kag;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. Gyikr;nrhj;J nghUshjhu epiyikfNshL neUq;fpa njhlu;Gilait vDk; tifapy; ru;tNjr juhjuk; xd;W nfhz;Ltug;gLifapy; midj;J ehLfspdJk; midj;J tplaq;fSk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njspT.

TRIPS cld;gbf;if cUthfpa tuyhw;iw Nehf;Fk; NghJ cau; njhopDl;gKk; mjpf Mf;f gilg;Gfspd; ntspaPLk; fhzg;gl;l mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfNs ,j;jifa cupikfis ghJfhg;gjpy; Kidg;gha; ,Ue;Js;sd vd;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. "Developing countries participate in global intellectual property systems as 'second comers' in a world that has been shaped by 'first comers,'  vd;w $w;W ,q;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fh> Nkw;F INuhg;gh> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfs; ,tw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfisg; nghWj;jtiu Gyikr;nrhj;Jf;fhd ,Wf;fkhdJk; ghupastpyhdJkhd ghJfhg;G rpwe;jjhf mikahJ vd;gJ fPo;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; epahag;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

,e;ehLfisg; nghWj;jtiu nghUshjhu ,lu;ghLfs; fhuzkhf njhopDl;g Mf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Gj;jhf;fq;fs; kpff;FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F Rfhjhuk;> tptrhak;> fy;tp kw;Wk; jfty; njhlu;ghly; tsu;r;rpf;F> Gyikr;rhu; tplaq;fs; xU jdpegupd; cupikahf kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ jilf;fy;yha; miktNjhL ,j;jifa Kiwik mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfSf;F Njitahd cw;gj;jp nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; njhopDl;gq;fSf;fhd mZFjYf;fhd fpuaj;ijAk; mjpfupf;fpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; mgtpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfs; cau; njhopDl;gq;fis ngWtjw;F mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspd; gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfspy; ghupastpw;F jq;fpAs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;l Kiwik tpUj;jpaile;j nghUshjhuj;jpw;Nf kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhf cs;sJ vd;gJ gutyhd Fw;wr;rhl;lhFk;. ,J mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfSf;F Nkyjpf ,yhgq;fis ngw;Wj;jUk;; mNjNeuk; mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfspy; cs;s epWtdq;fs; njhopDl;g mDkjpfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp cupikfSf;fhf caupa nfhLg;gdTfis nra;a Ntz;b Vw;gLfpwJ. ,J tsu;Kf ehLfspy; gpujhd gpur;rpidahf cs;s tWikia Xopj;jiy NkYk; jhkjg;gLj;JfpwJ.

nghJtpy; Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lg;gpupTfspy; mjpfk; mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfSf;F ghjpg;gha; miktJ Mf;fTupikahFk;. xUtUf;F xU fz;Lgpbg;gpw;fhd Mf;fTupik toq;fg;gLkplj;J ,j;jifa Mf;fk; kPJ mtUf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhyj;jpw;F mJ njhlu;gpyhd midj;J nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; gpuj;jpNaf cupik toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf ,jid Kjd;ikahf gad;Lj;Jk; Jiwahf kUe;Jfs; jahupf;Fk; njhopy; (pharmaceutical) fhzg;gLfpwJ. vapl;]; kw;Wk; kNyupah Nghd;w Neha;fSf;fhd kUe;Jfs; mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfisg; nghWj;jtiu ghupa Njitahf fhzg;gbDk; ,j;jifa Mf;fTupik Kiw ,tw;wpw;Fk; nra;ag;gLkplj;J mij ,j;jifa ehLfs; mZfpg; gad;ngWjy; eilKiwr; rhj;jpakw;wjhfNt fhzg;gLk;.

cyf njhopDl;g Kiw vd;Wkpy;yhjthW vy;yh JiwfspYk; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpathW tsu;r;rpaile;J tUfpwJ. ,jw;F <LnfhLf;Fk; tifapy; Kd;Ndw mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Fd;wpa ehLfSf;F ,ayhjjhf cs;sJ vd;gNjhL ,jw;F tsg;ghw;whf;Fiw gpujhd fhuzkhf cs;sJ. ,d;W R&D vdg;gLk; Research and Development  vd;gjw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; epyik midj;J JiwfspYk; mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. ,j;jifa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfSf;F epfuhf njhopDl;g tpisTfis ngw mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfSf;F Fwpg;ghf Fiw mgptpUj;jp ehLfSf;F r%f nghUshjhu> murpay; fhuzpfs; fhuzkha; cs. ,jdhy; ,U jug;G ehLfSf;fpilNaAk; njhopDl;g ,ilntsp mjpfupj;Nj fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gNjhL ,Wf;fkhd Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;l ghJfhg;Gf;fs; NkYk; ,t; ,ilntspia tp];jupf;fty;yJ.

mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfs; jk; Ra tzpf mf;fiwfSf;F mjpfk; Kf;fpak; nfhLj;jy; toikahd tplakhFk;. Fwpg;ghf TRIPS jhtu tpyq;Ffs; kPJ Mf;fTupik nra;tijAk; mDkjpf;Fk; epiyapy; ,t;Ntw;ghL twpa ehLfspd; tptrha eltbf;iffis ghjpf;fyhk;. kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfspy; gy ghuk;gupa mwpT nghJtpy; tof;fj;jpy; ,Uj;jYk; mit FWfpa ,Wf;fkhd Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lk; %yk; nry;te;j ehLfshy; J\;gpuNahfk; gz;zg;glyhk; vd;gJk; mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ. Mf;fTupik rl;lj;jpd; gb VyNt nghJtpy; cs;s xU tplak; (Prior Art) njhlu;gpy; fhg;Gupik Nfhu KbahJ. Mdhy; If;fpa mnkupf;fh Nghd;w rpy ehLfs; ,j;jifa mwpT jk; ehl;bd; vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; fhzg;gLk; NghJ mij mq;fPfupg;gjpy;iy vd;gJ gy ghuk;gupa mwpT ruskha; cs;s mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfSf;F ghjfkhdjhFk;. cjhuzkhf 1994 y; INuhg;gpa Mf;fTupik mYtyfj;jhy; If;fpa mnkupf;fhitr;Nru;e;j W.R.Grace & CO kw;Wk; U.S. Department of Agriculture ,dhy; Kd;itf;fg;gll Nfhupf;iff;F ,yq;if ,e;jpahtpy; gutyhf cs;s Ntg;ngz;nzahy; jhtuq;fs; kPjhd gq;if fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwnahd;wpw;F (hydrophobic extracted neem oil) Mf;fTupik toq;fg;gl;lJk; mjw;F vjpuhf tof;fpl;L gy ru;r;irapd; gpd; mt;thf;fTupik kWf;fg;gl;lJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

NkYk; VyNt MNuhf;fpakhd tu;j;jf Nghl;b Fiwthf cs;s ,e;ehLfspy; ,Wf;fkhd Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lk; NkYk; ghjfq;fis nfhz;L tuyhk; vd tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jstpy; ghjfkhd mk;rq;fs; ,Ug;gpDk; KOJk; kdpj Fyj;jpw;Nf vjpuhdJ vd Fwpg;gpl Kbahjstpw;F Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lk; NghJkhd rhjfkhd mk;rq;fisAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gJ Muk;gj;jpNyNa tpsf;fg;gl;l tplakhFk;. Mf Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lk; mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfSf;F Vw;wthW gad;gLj;jg;glyhkh vd;gijNa mLj;jjhf ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

 WTO kw;Wk; WIPO vd;gdNt Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lj;ij newpg;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fshf mike;Js;;sd. ,J njhlu;gpy; Mf;fg;gl;l TRIPS cld;gbf;if mjd; jug;gpdu; midtiuAk; ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapd; mbg;gilapyike;j epajpr;rl;lj;ij cUthf;fp mKy;gLj;Jk; flg;ghl;il muRfSf;F tpjpf;fpd;wd. ,t;Tld;gbf;if mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfspdJk;> mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Fd;wpa ehLfspd; nghUshjhu rkdpiyapd;ikia fUj;jpw;nfhz;L mjd; mKy;gLj;jypy; rpy nefpo;Tj;jd;ikfis nfhz;Ls;sd. ,jd; gb mgptpUj;jp Fd;;wpa ehLfs; ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapd; Vw;ghLfis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhytiuaiw Vidatw;iw tpl mjpfkhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Muk;gj;jpy; mgptpUj;jp Fd;wpa kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfs; Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lj;ij Vfhjpgj;jpa jdpAupikapd; fUtpahf Nehf;fpDk; jw;NghJ jk; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jpapd; topKiwahf Nehf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; mt; mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sij mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.

·         Compulsury licensing vd;nwhU nghwpKiw ,Uj;jy; tsu;Kf ehLfSf;F Gyikr;nrhj;J mKy;gLj;jypd; ghjq;fis Fiwf;fty;y xU tplakhFk;. mjhtJ ,jd;gb epahakhd fhuzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; xUtuJ Mf;fTupikia kl;Lg;gLj;j muRf;F KbAk; vd;gNjhL ehl;bw;F eyd; gaf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Fwpj;j nghUis Fiwe;j tpiyf;F tpw;gid nra;a VJtha; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sTk; KbAk;.

·         NkYk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLk; xUtplakhtJ tpj;jpahrg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpiyfis ghtpj;jyhFk; (Differential Pricing). cjhuzkhf ,jd; %yk; xNu kUe;JfSf;F tsu;r;rpaile;j ehLfspy; xU tpiyAk; tsu;Kf ehLfspy; xU tpiyAk; Ngzg;glyhk;.

·         Mf;fTupik tpz;zg;gq;fspy; fz;Lgpbg;gpw;F %ykhaike;j gUg;nghUspd; Gtpapay; epiyaj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;JkhW Ntz;bd; mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfs; cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mf;fTupikahdJ jk; cupikfis kPWtjhapUg;gpd; cld; eltbf;iffs; vLf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

·         cupa Kiwapy; jj;jk; ehl;bw;F Vw;;wthW ,r;rl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ghuk;gupa mwpT> ghuk;gupa fyhrhu ntspg;gLj;Jiffs; kw;Wk; fpilf;f ,Uf;Fk; kugZ tsq;fs; cupa Kiwapy; ghJfhf;fg;glyhk;.

,yq;if gw;wpa xU Nehf;F

,yq;ifapd; 2003 k; Mz;L 36k; ,yf;f Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lk; TRIPS cld;gbf;iff;F ,yq;if xU jug;gpdu; vDk; tifapy; mjd; Vw;ghLfis cs;thq;fp cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ru;tNjr juhjuq;fis ek; ehl;bw;F Vw;wtpjj;jpy; cs;thq;f Ntz;ba flg;ghl;il ,r;rl;lk; ngUkstpw;F epiwNtw;wpAs;sJ vdyhk;. rpy Vw;ghLfis cjhuzj;jpw;F mtjhdpg;gpd; Fwpg;ghd Vw;ghlhf Mf;fTupikf;F kl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;Fk; gpupT 86 I Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jd; cggpupT 2(,) MdJ gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; Njrpa ghJfhg;G> Cl;lr;rj;J> Rfhjhuk; my;yJ Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpd; NtW Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l elgbKiwfis Njitg;gLj;jhJ Fwpj;j fz;Lgpbg;gpd; ghtidf;F fl;lha mDkjpia nghJ mf;fiwapd; mbg;gilapy; xUtUf;F toq;fyhk; vd;fpwJ. ,q;F Nehf;fq;fs; kpfTk; gue;jstpy; nghUs;Nfhlg;glf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy; ,yq;if Nghd;wnjhU mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehl;bw;F rhjfkha; mikaf;$banjhU tplakhFk;. mNj Nghy; TRIPS rkthaj;jpy; Mf;fTupikf;F cupj;Jila rpyTk; ekJ epajpr;rl;lj;jpy; Mf;fTupik ngwg;glKbahJ vd ntspg;gilahf kWf;fg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

TRIPS  cld;gbf;ifapy; “Plants and animals other than micro-organisms, and essentially biological processes for the production of plants and animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes.” vd;Wk; ekJ epajpr;rl;lk; “plants ,animals and other micro organism other than transgenic micro organism and essentially biological process for the production of plants and animals other than the non-biological and microbiological processes”

vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLtJ Mf;fTupik Nfhuf;$ba gug;ngy;iyia Fiwg;gjhf ekJ epajpr;rl;lk; miktij njspTWj;JfpwJ. mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehL vDk; tifapy; ehk; ,Wf;fkhd Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lj;ij nfhz;bUg;gJ ekf;F ghjfkhaikayhk;.

KbTf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; 

                               

Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;lk; nghUspay; rkj;Jtk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; ru;tNjr juhjuj;ij nfhz;bUg;gJ mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfSf;F ghjfkhdNj vdpDk; KOJk; kdpj Fyj;jpw;F vjpuhd xU rl;l nghwpKiw vd fUj KbahJ vd;gNj Vw;fg;glf;$ba nghJthd fUj;jhFk;. J}uNehf;fpy; ghu;g;gpd; ePz;l fhy nrad;Kiwapy; tsu;Kf ehLfspd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; $l VJthd fhuzpahf ,ij gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. MapDk; tsu;r;rpaile;j ehLfs; Ntz;LtJ Nghd;w NkYk; ,Wf;fkhd rl;lg;gug;G cz;ikapy; tpUk;gj;jFe;jjy;y vd;gJTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. vt;thnwdpDk; tsur;rpaile;j ehLfSk; gy;Njrpa $l;Lj;jhgdq;fSk; tsu;Kf ehLfspy; Gyikr;nrhj;J njhlu;gpyhd Gjpa juhjuq;fis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F  NghJkhd njhopDl;g> epjp cjtpfis toq;fNtz;Lk; vd;gNjhL ,it MNuhf;fpakhd tu;j;jf Nghl;bia ikag;gLj;jpajhAk; mtu;fspd; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jpia fUj;jpwpnfhz;ljhfTk; mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gJ mtrpakhFk;.